Vanderbilt Law School debate on the Death penalty Essay

Vanderbilt Law School debate on the Death penalty - Essay Example Owing to the above details provided, the opponent of death penalty, Dr. Ken Haas, was more convincing in his argument (Haas and Marquis). Death penalty is not only about liberal or conservative politics but also about the moral choices of this nation. This dispels any notion that the death penalty debate is about conservative and liberal politics. The proponent of the death penalty elaborates that this form of punishment should only be utilized on the most heinous criminals. As such, most murder convicts would not face execution since the majority would not repeat their actions. Convicts such Mohamed who repeatedly killed innocent civilians should face such severe punishment. This is because they have proved clearly that they had the intent to commit the crime repeatedly. On a moral basis, this punishment is unacceptable owing to the sacred nature of life. However, the proponent reveals that this severe disciplinary measure has a deterrent effect on criminals. According to the resear ch cited, it reveals that the penalty saves hundred of innocent civilians. Overall, this punishment is immoral, but the justice system should have this option owing to some extreme scenarios that require measures. The death penalty is inappropriate but a legal necessity (Haas and Marquis). Death penalty has caused a lot of controversy even among judges. Subsequently, in 1985 some judges were deemed unfit to partake in court proceedings since their views would impede their ability to make fair decisions in line with the existing statutes. The opponent thinks that the research on the deterrent effect of execution is a culmination of defective research. The assumption in this kind of research is rationality. However, most criminal who will face such punishments as execution have limited options. The only possible punishment is a life sentence without a chance for parole. Therefore, both punishments are severe. Hence, it will have no deterrent effects. Additionally, the criminal who com mitted a heinous crime may fail to think rationally. Therefore, executions, especially those that receive high levels of publicity, will project a certain message to the society. The message projected is that violence is a means to resolve wrongdoings. Subsequently, executions may instigate further violence or contribute to a violent culture in the society. Death penalty is only a tough stance adopted against crime. However, research has revealed that it conveys an inappropriate message to the society. Overall, it is inappropriate (Haas and Marquis). Cases that demand such extreme punishment generate massive public and media concerns. As such, the justice system may play into the public gallery trap by seeking victory rather than searching for evidence that will pin the suspect to the crime. The law enforcers may fail to analyze vital evidence or make mistakes owing to public pressure. This will result in an unlawful conviction. Subsequent appeals may result in an acquittal owing to inadequate evidence. The initial proceedings in such cases may be unprocedural as authorities coerce evidence from witnesses. Revelation of such an event will result in the acquittal of convicts. Most cases that may result in execution witness major errors in the proceeding owing to medial or public attention. The enforcing authorities may cave in to such pressure as they pursue a conviction rather than seek the truth. The authorities

Advertising & Alcohol Products Essay Example for Free

Advertising Alcohol Products Essay People’s life are built and protected by both us and society. We make our life happiness by enjoy as much as possible qualified products and society which is represented by government ensured the life quality by regulation requesting the obligation from all people towards product’s usage. Nevertheless, in some cases, government has to control and put the enforcement on consumer even if people like to use that product. Alcohol can be seen as a very popular example. People feel excited when use it, but, what will happen if the alcohol consumption increases year by year. As cited by Hall in his research this year, there was 25% increase in liver deaths which is caused by alcohol in last ten years. Not only alcohol beverages but alcohol advertising is interesting as well in attracting people. Therefore, alcohol advertising is now controlled strictly to prevent its bad impact. Government is allowed and able to do this for a better life to UK people. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay Binge-drinking can be listed as a trouble for middle-aged, middle-class and out-of-control youth in UK. It is worth noting that UK people are one of groups consuming alcohol most in Europe (British Medical Association, 2009). Since, UK government has to consider and find solution for this problem. It can be known that the effect of alcohol is similar to drug as well as tobacco although it depends on the quantities of usage. However, according to BMA board of science, it can be denied that not only drinker but also their relatives are affected by harmful consequences from alcohol such as contributory factor and violence at home. At first, advertising is same as other marketing tools with the aim to persuade people use product as much as possible. In the situation of alcohol, Advertisement increases consumer’s conceptions about alcohol which can promote them buy more. The journal of British Medical Association in 2009 cited the research conducted by Anderson and other researcher s that â€Å"alcohol marketing and promotion relate to the likelihood that adolescents will begin to use alcohol and drink more if they are already using alcohol†. Jernigan (2010) suggested that a mix of unmeasured activities relating to cultural, religious and regulatory context is used by alcohol companies. Advertising approach consumer, especially the Youth in many ways: marketing on Television, newspaper, sponsorship for sports, music, and cinema. The image of alcohol impresses people day by day encouraging them use it naturally. As a result, these activities impacts making decision of the youth in alcohol purchasing because culture, religion and regulation contribute strongly to the growth process of young people. Moreover, The high rate of alcohol beverages advertising’s appearance in public encourage people use it regularly for entertainment and daily usage which will result in bad effect on people life and society. This present can make people see wine, beer as a daily product. The greater availability of alcohol advertising is the reason why people under 23 years old continue to raise their drinking behavior (Jernigan, 2010). The high alcohol consumption of much means their health will have problem as well as the ability of causing violence or crime can be increased in society. Therefore, alcohol advertising should be limited like tobacco so that people will realize that the former also has bad effects as the latter. Although alcohol is still a product and beverage companies have right to advertise, this is sensitive one so that government should control for a safety of people life. The limitation of alcohol advertising will help government protect people’s health and social security. There will be no more crime which is relevant to alcohol. The health of people will be ensured. Let’s take Denmark as an example, this country only accepted broadcast advertising on low alcohol-content products and the rates of alcohol intoxication was reported highest rates at that time among European countries (International Center for Alcohol Policies) Wilby (2008) proposed that people are heavily impacted by advertising due to they are freely to accept information provided by other agents. Therefore, governments should be allowed to control advertising and able to manage the advertising of alcohol beverages companies by using advertising regulation, sign agreement with alcohol beverage companies and advertising agency or control newspaper and broadcasting agencies. He also suggested that governments can put enforcement on the advertising of cars, alcohol, junk food and other potentially dangerous products as the same way they used to work towards tobacco advertising. For example, as established in Advertising Standard Authority, in UK, â€Å"alcohol marketing is required that ads not link alcohol with sex, social success, youth culture or juvenile behavior.† (Hall, 2012) Enjoy the life as well as using entertaining product freely is demand of all most every people. On the other hand, alcohol beverage companies are also absolutely right when they want to provide as much as possible good alcoholic beverages for their consumer. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a third party which is governments of countries in general and U. K government to put alcohol advertising under the control. They can set regulation and request that alcohol companies follow it strictly.

A Child Called It Essay -- Dave Pelzer

A Child Called ‘It’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Child Called ‘It’ is the story of a young boy who, in order to survive, must triumph over the physical, emotional, and medical abuse created by his mother. The exploitation of alcohol plays an important role in the abuse by the mother and the neglect to see and the courage to intervene the problems by Dave’s father. Dave considered the abuse he endured by his mother, ‘games’. But he always tried to be one small step ahead of her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like Death From Child Abuse . . . And No One Heard, the outside world does nothing to help out a small child suffering from various forms of abuse. The few people who took notice were David’s teachers and the school nurse. Yet it took them a considerable amount of time to finally build up suspicion and finally report Dave’s problems to the proper authorities. I find the unreported instances observed by the public to be just as substantial a crime as the child abusers themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the things I enjoyed and always found myself grinning about was the spunk that Dave had. He was crafty enough to stall his mother’s efforts of physical and emotional cruelty just long enough for his dad to arrive, and he would not receive the most severe option of the abuse. When his mother attempted to make him eat his brother’s stool, he held his head away just long enough to get it taken away at the last second as his father drove up from work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The games that his mother would make him play would turn deadly. He ha...

Loss of Faith in Night by Elie Wiesel :: essays research papers

Eliezer Wiesel loses his faith in god, family and humanity through the experiences he has from the Nazi concentration camp. Eliezer loses faith in god. He struggles physically and mentally for life and no longer believes there is a god. "Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my god and my soul and turned my dreams to dust..."(pg 32). Elie worked hard to save himself and asks god many times to help him and take him out of his misery. "Why should I bless his name? The eternal, lord of the universe, the all-powerful and terrible was silent..."(pg 31). Eliezer is confused, because he does not know why the Germans would kill his face, and does not know why god could let such a thing happen. "I did not deny god's existence, but I doubted his absolute justice..."(pg 42). These conditions gave him confidence, and courage to live. Eliezer loses faith in his family. He and his mother and sister were parted at the camp and he has no hope to see them ever again. "Men to the left! Women to the right..."(pg 27). His father is getting old, and weak, and Elie realizes his father does not have the strength to survive on his own, and it is too late to save him. "It's too late to save your old father, I said to myself..."(pg 105). He felt guilty because he could not help his father, but he knew the only way to live is to watch out for himself. "Here, every man has to fight for himself and not think of anyone else. Even of his father..."(pg 105). He thinks of himself, and Eliezer loses hope, trust, and his beliefs. He begins to rely on himself because he knew that only he can help himself and he could not depend on anyone else. "Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever..."(pg 32). Elie's father was struck, and that was when he realized he was afraid of death, and he felt guilty because he did not help his father.

The Architecture of Sans Souci Palace in Germany

Introduction There was a peaceable castle names Sans Souci Palace but in Germany they called Schloss Sanssouci and it was located at Potsdam, near Berlin. This is an elapsed summer castle for Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. While Sans Souci more belongs to Rococo manner. At the clip, this is evidently smaller than its Gallic Baroque opposite number and it excessively noteworthy for the most temples and follies in the park. The Sans Souci Palace was designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff and it was built between 1745 and 1747. Why they built the Sans Souci Palace? The ground as a warrior-king, Frederick needs a private abode where he can loosen up, no demand worry about the outside universe. Then the name of the castle really interested. Actually this is a Gallic phrase ( Sans Souci ) , which translates as â€Å"without concerns† , means â€Å"no worries† or â€Å"carefree† , it means that the castle was a topographic point for relaxation, go forth your ain concer ns behind every bit good. Sans souci is a single-story Villa, incorporating 10s chief suites, this is little more than a big. It was built at the centre of the park, on the forehead of a terraced hill. Because personal gustatory sensation of the King Frederick, all the design and ornament of the castle really beautiful, this type of design manner was included â€Å"Frederician Rococo† . He wanted there can be â€Å"a topographic point that would decease with him† . From this sentences can see that his feelings for the castle so strong. In 1746, Knobelsdorff, the interior decorator was fired because of a dissension about the site of the castle in the park. After that, a Dutch designer was coup d'etat the castle undertaking. During the 19Thursdaycentury, Sans Souci castle became a abode of Frederick William IV. He employed the designer Ludwig Persius to reconstruct and enlarge the castle, while Ferdinand von Arnim was charged with bettering the evidences and therefore the position from the castle. [ 1 ]For the German imperial household, Sans Souci was a favorite’s topographic point of abode before the autumn of the Hohenzollern dynasty in 1918. In East of Germany, Sans Souci became one of a sacred tourer attractive force after World War II. Following the Germany reunion in 1990, Frederick’s organic structure was returned back to the castle, buried in a antecedently prepared grave overlooking the gardens that he had created. At the same clip, Sans Souci list into the World Heritage Site by UNESCO. After 5 old ages, the Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens in Berlin Brandenburg was established to protect for Sans Souci and the other former imperial castles in and around Berlin. Now many visitants from all over the universe will wish come to these castles, and the most visited attractive force in Potsdam is the Palace Sans Souci, more than 2 million tourers a twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci Sans Souci has a beautiful garden, it was designed by Frederick. He was decided to construct the grape hill with trapezoid on the hillside of South, in Bornstedt. Before that, in Frederick William I epoch, there was a hill full of oak but had chop down to construct Potsdam metropolis and support muddy on the fens. In 1744, Frederick wanted reclaimed it to be a patio vinery. This incline has been divided to 6 trapezoid patios. The walls became a micro-bow form at the centre to use the Sun beam. Some of the walls were replaced with the works vines. All the works vines were from Portugal, Italy and France. Inside the 168 glass Earth, it was planted with the fig trees. In forepart the trapezoid patio, there was filed with the green lawn. There besides planted with the yew trees and the shrub had been divided. At the cardinal axis, there had 120 floors, trapezoid patio divided into 6 parts. At the hill, there besides build the hillside at the both sides. In 1745, there was construct a garden with the Baroque manner at foothills. But start from 1748, at the centre of garden was constructing a armored combat vehicle with fountain. But unluckily, Frederick ne'er saw the proper operation of fountain, because at that clip they did non hold a good accomplishment in engineering. The pre-Romantic ideal of harmoniousness between adult male and nature already reflected because of the location of Sans Souci. The patio vinery became the focal point of his estate, crowned by the new, but little, palace —â€Å"mein Weinberghauschen†as Frederick called it, this is means my small vineyard house. Start from the terminal of April to the beginning of October was the summer months. Merely the summer month was the most beautiful season for the San Souci castle. Every times, when Frederick stands at the top of the vinery, he can saw the beautiful position of the countryside. Frederick wanted a topographic point, he can bask and make what he loves to make and Sans Souci Palace was the best pick. On the hillside, there was a Sanssouci windmill and it was built at 1736. The windmill became a grade of the idyllic. Frederick said the windmill was embroidering his castle. After 20 old ages build the Sanssouci, Frederick built the New Palace ; in German they called Neues Palais. It was built in the western portion of the park. This castle was far larger than Sanssouci and direct contrast to the relaxed behind Sanssouci. Frederick really wanted usage this castle to demo his power and strength to the universe. Frederick uses the Baroque manner to construct this castle. It demonstrate that Prussia’s capablenesss were unrelieved despite its close licking in the Seven Year’ War through the design of the New Palace. Inside this castle, Frederick made no secret of his purpose, demoing off the new building. Frederick wanted to affect has led to the comparing of the castles of Potsdam to Versailles from the construct of a expansive castle with Sanssouci being thrust into the function of one of the Trianons. The castle, for which the whole park and scene were created, ignores the original virtues of the construct behind Sanssouci from this analogy. Trianons was an reconsideration to get away the larger topographic point but New Palace non like that. A simple ground, the larger castle did non be at the clip of Sanssouci’s construct. However, Sanssouci was ready to be a private topographic point, a topographic point non for show of power, strength and architectural virtue. Trianons was designed to be a whole unto itself, but Sanssouci different. Sanssouci look little with the principal block being a narrow single-story enfilade of merely 10 suites. There were including a service transition and staff suites behind them. Knobelsdorff merely a draftsman, he draft the study more than complete designer. Frederick can non accept any suggestions for change to his programs. He was declining Knobelsdorff’s thought. Knobelsdorff wanted to add a semi-basement narrative, this will non merely gave the provided service countries closer at manus, this besides will give the castle non merely a more dominating presence, but besides would hold prevented the jobs of moistness to which was ever been prone. However, what Frederick demand was an intimate castle for life, like a simple house. For illustration, he wanted to come in the castle instantly organize the garden, instead than scaling a big figure of stairss. He insisted the land degree of a edifice should be based on the hill. He wanted to do it became a private pleasance house. Wh at he wanted was free manner and nature, hence his repeating subject and demands for a house with close connexions. Inside the principal suites, the tall slender Windowss, face South over the vinery gardens. In the park, the Sanssouci Picture Gallery was located at E of the castle. It was built from 1755 to 1764 under the supervising of the designer Johann Gottfried B uring. Frederick rose about the tropical fruit, that’s why it was stand on the site of a former nursery. In Germany, the Picture Galley was the oldest extant museum built for a swayer. It was a long and low edifice, like the castle itself. It was besides dominated by a cardinal vaulted bow of three bays. Neo-Classicism, a popular manner in Europe, many edifices were utilizing this type of architectural manner, but Frederick ignored it. After Frederick was dead, the decease of Frederick a new epoch began can clearly visible the manner was alteration in architectural manners. During the reign of the new male monarch Frederick William II, He ordered the building of a new castle in the new manner, more stylish. Sometimes he will remain at Sanssoci merely on occasion. The response and sleeping room was retread and wholly change instantly after Frederick’s decease. Frederick William von Erdmannsdorff was received the committee for the all renovation. Although Frederick already building the New Palace in the Baroque manner between 1763 and 1769, but Erdmannsdorff, an advocator of the new neo-classical manner, had created Schloss Worlitz in Worlitz park. This is the first neo-classical castle in Germany. After that, Sanssouci became the first castle that been remodeled with the neo-cl assical inside in Potsdam and Berlin, because of his influence. In 1797, Frederick William II was succeeded by Frederick William III.[ 1 ]He had visited Sanssouci even less than his male parent. Normaly he will pass his summer months in Paretz Palace or the Pfaueninsel in Berlin. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci Architecture There is no happenstance that Frederick used the Rococo style’s architecture for Sanssouci. In the early 18Thursdaycentury, the Rococo manner appeared in France as a continuance for the Baroque manner, contrast with heavier subjects and the darker colors of Baroque, Rococo characteristic with an luxury, grace, elation, and gaiety. Rather than heroic conflicts and spiritual figures, Rococo more focal point about the carefree blue life and lively love affair. Bing in harmoniousness, this suited Frederick’s ideal design and natural. The castle was completed as Frederick’s imagined and studies. The castle has a single-storey chief block and the two flanking side wings. The wings were straight adjoined with the chief edifice portion. The edifice really about holds the full upper patio. The dome rise above the hipped roof, written down the name of the castle with a comma and a full stop—on it in the aureate bronze letters. That garden beside the secondary side wings, in forepart are screened by 2 symmetrical rows of trees. Each ending in free-standing trellised summerhouse, it was decorated with aureate decorations. In front the castle, there were some carven figures of Atlas and Caryatids. It was made by sandstone. These figures were put in brace between the Windowss, look like â€Å"they† were back up the bannister above. These figures of both sexes represent Drunken revelers, the comrades of the vino God Bacchus, and originate from the workshop of the sculpturer Friedrich Christian Glume. The vases on the bannister and the groups of cherubs above the Windowss of the dome are created by the same workshop. By contrast, the north entryway facade had their bounds. There are section colonnades of 88 Corinthian columns, curve outwards from the castle edifice. They think this can be more enveloping the semicircular cour d’honneour. On the south side, there was a bannister with sandstone vases decorates the roof of the chief corps de logis. Flanking the corps de logis are 2 secondary wings, when retreat from the universe, it supplying the big service adjustment and domestic offices necessary to function an 18Thursdaycentury sovereign. Frederick wanted to cover with leaf to test their mundane intent from these single-storey wings. The secretaries’ room, gardeners’ room and servants’ room, all is located in eastern wing, while the castle kitchen, stallss and a manager house, are located in west wing. Every twelvemonth during the summer months, Frederick will pass all his clip at the Sans Souci Palace throughout his life-time. But after Frederick decease, in 1786 until the mid- 19Thursdaycentury, it remained largely unoccupied and neglected. After 100 old ages Frederick’s accession to throne, in 1840, his nephew Frederick William IV and his married woman were traveling to the invitee suites. The royal twosome was keeping the bing furniture and replaced the losing pieces with furniture that from Frederick’s clip. At first, the suites that Frederick had used before was intended to reconstruct to its original province, because of a deficiency of reliable paperss and programs, this program was ne'er executed. However, in 1843, the armchair in which Frederick had died was returned to the castle. Frederick William IV was a draughtsman, he really interested in both architecture and landscape horticulture. He changes the castle from the retreat of his recluse great uncle into a to the full functioning and stylish state house. This was a really large different comparison before and after. The little service wings were had been enlarged between 1840 and 1842. This was necessary. Frederick was a individual who liked to populate modestly without luster, philosophized and played music at Sanssouci. His modestness developed into miserliness for his age. He would non let they repair to the outer facade in the suites. He wishes that Sanssouci should merely last for his life-time. Both of the wings had added a mezzanine floor. The kitchen had been changed into the east wing. The little vino cellar belongs to Fredrick the great ; it was enlarged to fix full shop suites to enlarged family, and the new upper floor was used for the staff sleeping rooms.

Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Essay Example

Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Essay Example Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Paper Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Paper Essay Topic: Discipline and Punish the Birth Of the Prison Before evaluating the contribution of control theory, the understanding of crime and criminality needs to be explained. What is crime? Who commits crime? These are questions that we will address. Crime or unaccepted social behaviour stems back many years but it is the political element of introducing defined laws that has had a significant effect on the population. Criminality is the etiology of those that defy the laws and do not conform to social norms. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) were earlier influences from the eighteenth century and their thinking about crime gave birth to what is now known as the Classical School. The classical thought did not put any emphasis on the individual and took everybody as being equal in his or her decision to act criminally. Other theories developed from this period and looked more into the individual and social causes. This was known as the positivist approach. Biological and psychological theories of criminality tended to take this approach. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) developed one of the early sociological theories. We will look at this early approach to crime and how it has progressed into modern criminology. These disciplines are in the main trying to find the answer to the question, Why do people commit crime? Control theory asks the question, Why do people not commit crime? This is a parallel contrast to most other theories whereby the interest is on the causation of the offender. Control theory assumes that everyone is subject to temptations to engage in rewarding criminal behaviour, what needs to be understood is what stops most people, most of the time, from succumbing to such temptations. Some of the main voices of this field are Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, Walter Reckless, and Ivan Nye. We will look at their contributions in detail especially that of Gottfredson and Hirschi. Finally we will discuss the worth of control theory and evaluate what implications it has had on modern society along with whether it is regarded as being axiomatic. Crime and Criminality Prior to the seventeenth century the law was greatly influenced by that of monarchical and religious authorities. Crimes committed against the establishment and /or the church were dealt with by brutal and bloody punishments. The origins of the concept of crime are found in the classical tradition. A conception of crime presupposes a conception of human nature. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) These were represented by Hobbes, Bentham and Beccaria. Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure (Bentham 1970) Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679) wrote the book Leviathan and described his laws of nature. He believed in the absence of social condition, every action we perform, no matter how charitable or benevolent, is done for reasons, which are ultimately self-serving. Hobbes believed that any account of human action, including morality, must be consistent with the fact that we are all self-serving. Hobbes speculates how selfish people would behave in a state of nature, prior to the formation of any government. He begins noting that humans are essentially equal, both mentally and physically, insofar as even the weakest person has the strength to kill the strongest. Classical criminology grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, justice and punishment that was in existence before 1789. It sought an emphasis on free will and human rationality. The Classical School was not interested in studying criminals, but rather law-making and legal processing. Crime, they believed, was activity engaged in out of total free will and that individuals weighed the consequences of their actions. Punishment is made in order to deter people from committing crime and it should be greater than the pleasure of criminal gains. Classical theory emphasized a legal definition of crime rather than what defined criminal behaviour. Two famous writers during this classical period were Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), both led the movement to human rights and free will. Beccaria thought that crime could be traced to bad laws, not to bad people. A new modern criminal justice system would be needed to guarantee equal treatment of all people before the law. His famous book, On Crimes and Punishment presented a new design for the criminal justice system that served all people. His book dubbed him the father of modern criminology. It was the first attempt at presenting a systematic, consistent and logical penal system. Beccaria suggested that fixed punishments for all offences should be written into law and that the law must apply equally to all citizens and all who are guilty should suffer the same prescribed penalty. Prison sentences were held to be preferable, with prison work being both beneficial to both supply compensation to victims of crime and to deter potential offenders. Benthams concern was upon utilitarianism, which assumed the greatest happiness for the greatest number. He believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain. Thus people acted as human calculators, he believed, and that they put all factors into a sort of mathematical equation to decide whether or not to commit an illegal act. He believed then that punishment should be just a bit in excess of the pleasures derived from an act and not any higher than that. The law exists to create happiness for all, thus since punishment creates unhappiness it can be justified if it prevents greater evil than it produces. Bentham described four general sources of pleasure and pain, or sanction systems: physical, political, moral and religious. Bentham used these four sanction elements to write a foundation for reforms of the criminal law and public crime control policy. Bentham eventually focused on the political sanctions and his work as well as that of the classical school came down to us as a political science rather than a behavioural science. The nineteenth century saw the development of the biological and medical sciences and the scientists clashed with the classical school of thought. The scientists argued that their fields of study and expertise could account for individual differences with regards to why crime was committed. They did not believe that everyone was the same and should be dealt with on a fixed punishment system. This lead to a more positivistic approach to the explanation of the causation of the offender rather than just concentrating on crime and the criminal justice system itself. In criminology the term positivism is often applied to approaches that tend to differentiate people or social groups from one another according to objective categories, which somehow determine their behaviour. Positivists, unlike the classical reformers, sought to explain the world around them. They saw behaviour as determined by biological, psychological, and social traits. They focused on a deterministic view of the world, on criminal behaviour instead of legal issues, and the prevention of crime through the reformation of offenders. The use of scientific techniques was important to the positivists. Data was collected in order to explain different types of individuals and social phenomena. Naturalists and anthropologists formed the theory of evolution, which was a very critical component to the study of human criminal behaviour by the positivists. The focus on positivism then is on systematic observations and the accumulation of evidence and objective fact within a deductive framework, thus moving from a general statement to a more specific one. The origins of scientific criminology are usually traced beck to the workings of Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909). Lombroso replaced the notion of free will and rationality with the notion of determinism. He developed the positivist school of criminology, which sought explanations for criminal behaviour through scientific research and experimentation. Lombroso believed in the criminal born man and woman. He believed they had physical features of ape like creatures that were not fully developed as humans were. Lombroso believed that criminality is a trait produced in humans as a consequence of a particular form of genetic inheritance. Lombroso`s work aimed to identify a difference between criminals and non criminals. It soon became clear that not all offenders would fit the initial theory. They were not homogeneous and differences occurred between them and the different crimes they committed. This led Lombroso to sub divide the criminal population into types of offender. These typologies varied and may be on frequency, seriousness, object and characteristics of the offender, thus leading onto other theories of a positivist persuasion. All too frequently the idea that acts have causes is translated via the research literature into the idea that specific acts have specific causes. For biological positivism, this leads to the search for a genetic component to account for variation in specific acts. (Gottfreddson 1990) This problem is not unique to the biological approach and both psychological and sociological sciences debate over the specific differences of the individual criminal acts. The psychological approach is apparently a study of behaviour and the individualistic causes of why a person commits crime. One such theory is that of social learning, that behaviour is learnt through the social group around the individual. Albert Bandura provided empirical studies on observational learning. Hans Eysenk is prominent in his research on conditioning and his personality trait theory. He believed that we are either capable of being conditioned and learning the behaviour acceptable in the social environment or that we have internal problems and are unable to reform. Eysenks suggests that those people who are not able to be conditioned have a problem with self control. The sociological approach looks at the environment surrounding the individual and what affects this has in relation to causation of crime. Peer groups and the family have a major role to play in this science. Several theories look to identify the social structure of the individual. Such theories look to establish pressures that are asserted on the individual that cause them to turn to crime in order to solve their problems. (Strain Theory and Robert Mertons Anomie Theory). Such pressures are placed on the individual by the class of society they live in, and goals that are set within the society which are unobtainable, unless through deviant means. (Albert Cohens Subculture Theory). One of the earliest applications of Control theory came from Ivan Nye in 1958. Nye attributed delinquency to the failure of personal and social controls. Nyes conception of social control involved four clusters of attitudes, behaviour patterns, and/or social contexts. First, there was direct control imposed from without by means of restriction and punishment. Second, there was internalised control exercised from within through ones conscience. Third, there was indirect control related to affectional identification with parents and other non-criminal persons. Fourth, was the availability of alternative means to goals and values. Nye emphasized that the most important source of controls were indirect, resulting from family relationships. As for direct control, this would include the monitoring behaviours of parents, teachers, and police officers (among other adults). That is, some adults tend to watch youth and when they become delinquent, punishment can be forthcoming. Internalised control, the second area, basically refers to ones conscience or belief in the prevailing morals of a society. For example, people who believe that shoplifting is wrong would probably feel guilty about doing it. They know that there is a social norm against that behaviour and they have internalised that norm. To violate ones conscience results in unpleasant feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse. The third area is control derived through affectional identification with ones parents (primarily). Since essentially all parents disapprove of delinquent behaviours, children run the risk of upsetting them by being deviant. Yet children vary in the extent to which they are attached to their parents and respect them. Children who are strongly attached to their parents tend to care about what they think and therefore avoid behaviours that would upset or offend them. On the other hand, children who are relatively unattached would be more likely to engage in delinquent acts because they tend not to care about what their parents think. The final area is the availability of alternative means to goals and values. Juveniles tend to share similar goals and values, but they vary in the extent to which they have the opportunity to achieve these goals. In 1961 sociologist Walter C. Reckless proposed Containment Theory, which explains delinquency as the interplay between two forms of control known as inner (internal) and outer (external) containments. Containment theory assumes that for every individual a containing external structure as well as a protective internal structure exist. Both buffer, protect, and insulate an individual against delinquency. Reckless wanted his theory to explain not only delinquency, but also conformity. Containment theory shows that society produces a series of pulls and pushes toward the phenomenon of delinquency. It suggests that these inner and outer containments help to buffer against ones potential deviation from legal and social norms and work to insulate a youth from the pressures, pulls, and pushes of deviant influences. Of the two, Reckless suggested that inner containments are more important. It is these inner containments, he argued, that form ones support system. The stronger ones inner containments, the least likely one would commit crime; the weaker ones inner containments, the more prone to crime one would become. Inner containments, simply put, are self components. They are the inner strength of ones personality. These include a good self-concept, strong ego, well developed conscience, high sense of responsibility, and high frustration tolerance. Outer containments refer to ones social environment. These are normative constraints in which society and groups use to control its members. Outer containments include belonging (identification with the group), effective supervision, cohesion among group members (togetherness), opportunities for achievement, reasonable limits and responsibilities, alternative ways and means of satisfaction, reinforcement of goals, norms values, and discipline. Internal pushes are personal factors, which include restlessness, discontent, rebellion, anxiety, and hostility. External pulls include deviant peers, membership in a deviant/criminal gang, and pornography. Finally, external pressures refer to the adverse living conditions which give rise to crime. These include relative deprivation, poverty, unemployment, insecurity, and inequality. The most influential version of control theory is that of Travis Hirschi presented in a book titled Causes of Delinquency. Hirschi theorized that conformity is the result of a bond or tie to four elements in conventional society. As the bond weakens, the probability of deviance increases. So the strength of the bond explains the probability of an individual becoming involved in delinquency. When the bond is stronger, delinquency would be less likely and visa versa. The first element of the bond is attachment to significant others. The extent to which a person is attached to others can be measured independently of his deviant behaviour. People are thought to internalise norms and values because they respect close friends and family members. If a person does not care about the wishes of other people, he will be free to deviate. So the extent to which a person has important relations with others will affect his or her level of deviance. Hirschi views parents, schools, and peers as important social institutions from which a person develops these attachments. The second element of the bond is commitment and it involves time, energy, and effort placed on conventional lines of action. This is the rational component in conformity. In other words, partaking in social activities ties an individual to the moral and ethical code of society. Hirschs control theory holds that people who build an investment in life, property, and reputation are less likely to engage in criminal acts, which will jeopardize their social position. A lack of commitment to such conventional values will free an individual to partake in delinquent or criminal acts. The third element is involvement. This addresses a preoccupation in activities that stress the conventional interests of society. Hirschi argues that an individual who is heavy involved in conventional activities does not have enough time to engage in delinquent or criminal acts. He believes that involvement in school, family, and recreation insulates a juvenile from potential delinquent behaviour that may be a result of idleness. The fourth and final element is belief and it deals with the individuals agreement with a societys value system. This entails respect for laws, and the people and institutions that enforce such laws. Control theory assumes that there is a common (shared) value system in any society. However, there is variation in the extent to which people believe they should obey the rules of a society. The less a person believes he or she should obey the rules, the more likely he or she is to violate them. If beliefs are weakened, or absent, one is more likely to engage in antisocial acts. Gottfredson and Hirschi wrote a General Theory of Crime in 1990. In this book they suggest a theory that self control is the general concept around which all of the known facts about crime can be organised. A General Theory of Crime purports that other theories pay insufficient attention to the facts about the nature of crime, which are that crimes are committed in pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. As with Hirschi`s former theory of criminality, this one is a classical theory aswell. Classical theories on the whole, then, are today called control theories, theories emphasizing the prevention of crime through consequences painful to the individual. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) They define crime as acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest. Low self control is supposed to explain an individuals propensity to commit or refrain from committing crimes, just as high self control explains an individuals likelihood of conforming to social norms and laws. The main characteristics of low self control relevant to the commission of criminal acts are crimes that provide simple and immediate gratification, acts which offer excitement and risk, acts that require little skill or planning and acts that result in pain and discomfort for the victim. The theory allows for diversity in criminal acts and suggests that there are no exceptional criminals. According to the theory, crime involves the pursuit of immediate pleasure and people lacking in self control will also tend to pursue pleasures that are not criminal, they will tend to smoke, use drugs, gamble and engage in illicit sex. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). The theory describes certain traits of people who lack self control. These are impulsivity, insensitivity, low intelligence, physical aggression and being self-centred. People with low self control also enjoy risk taking, are short sighted and nonverbal, and they will tend to therefore engage in criminal and analogous acts. These traits are established early and persist through life. The major cause of low self control is that of ineffective child rearing and lack of appropriate punishment. low self control is not produced by training, tutelage, or socialisation. As a matter of fact, all of the characteristics associated with low self control tend to show themselves in the absence of nurturance, discipline, or training. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) The family environment plays an important role in ensuring the child adheres to social norms and non deviant acts. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi the minimum conditions for adequate child rearing are for someone to monitor the childs behaviour, recognise deviant behaviour when it occurs and to punish such behaviour. If any or all of these conditions are not carried out then the child can develop a low self control. The theory purports that parenting is the most important factor which will determine ones level of self control. Children whose parents care about them and supervise and punish their misconduct will develop the self control needed, through socialisation, to resist the easy temptations offered by crime. This in turn will help them in future school, work and relationships. The theory argues that a lack of self control is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for crime to occur, because other properties of the individual, or the situation may counteract ones likelihood of committing deviant acts. Self control theory applies itself to age, gender and race variations in crime, peer groups, schools, and the family, cross-cultural comparisons, white collar crime and organised crime. There are differences among racial and ethnic groups, as there are between the sexes, in levels of direct supervision by the family. Thus, there is a crime component to racial differences in crime rates, but, as with gender, differences in self control probably outweigh differences in supervision in accounting for racial or ethnic variations. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Summary We began by discussing how crime and criminality became more political during the seventeenth century onwards and the influence of Hobbe`s. The works of Bentham and Beccaria towards establishing a better criminal justice system in the eighteenth century gave birth to the classical school of thinking. This then developed into other sciences looking into criminality and the concerns that society was not equal and that behaviour was affected by individual and environmental factors. This began the positive school of thinking. This was debated through the years in the professions of biology, psychology and sociology. Each science had its own specialists who in turn had their own interpretation of the etiology of criminality. The main emphasis of most of the theories was that behaviour was determined by traits associated by each discipline. We then concentrated on the social control theory and the contributions of Nye, Reckless, Hirschi and Gottfredson. This theory purports to ask the question, why do people not commit crime? They all suggest that an internal factor conscience/self control is the main causation for people to commit/not commit deviant acts. They all suggest that this is concerned with paternal relationships at an early age. Moving on through Nye, Reckless, Hirschi and Gottfredson the theory seems to become more evolved, although still tautological. The most recent theory being, that of Hirschi and Gottfredson and their General Theory of Crime, which relates to self control. Conclusion A large number of empirical studies generally support the social control theories, especially that of Hirschi and Gottfredson. The theory allows for diversity in crimes and suggests that most crimes are associated with opportunity and immediate gratification. The theory believes that there are no specialist criminals and that offenders will commit crimes of the same nature only because it involves little planning and the availability of targets. The theory is heavily paternistic and puts great emphasis on the relationship of the family. Its concerns are with the development of the child and that a traditional family environment with two parents and correct discipline would enable the child to develop a high self control and thus not commit deviant acts. The theory also encompasses the role of other guardians throughout the life of the child, these including teachers, police and the community itself. The theory has guided modern public policy reformations and it supports policies on parenting programmes and recreational programs for young children and teenagers. Critics of the theory believe that it does not adequately explain violent and ethnic crimes, and that it is tautological in explaining self control and criminality. Control theory seems to be regarded as an explanation for non serious offences and especially for those carried out by the age group, between the mid teens to early twenties, the delinquent years. Nye, Reckless and Hirschi concentrated on delinquent crime causation for their theories. Gottfredson and Hirschi developed these earlier theories and assessed other social and psychological theories to conclude with their general theory of crime, which evolves around self control. The theory is tautological in its explanation of criminality and self control and suggests that self control is criminality and vice versa. Self control is defined by certain traits, which many other theories apply to the causation of criminality, low intelligence, impulsivity and defective child rearing. The theory does not adequately explain the relevance of age, gender and race variations in crime. It tries to suggest that many theories use these variants to specifically explain the propensity to commit crime. It purports that there will always be variants in the age, gender and race debates and that self control is a constant factor throughout all of them. Other theories tend to offer a more suitable explanation to the maturation reform. David Matza wrote his drift theory and proposed that juvenile males drift out of deviant activity by the time they are in their early twenties. Gordon Tasler wrote about a situational theory that suggested that many young people strayed away from deviancy because of family commitments and employment opportunities of their own. Much data relates to there being an age period which results in high crime rates being committed and this is in the mid teens to early twenties and that this peak then decreases from that time. Statistics would suggest that age has a significant contribution to the cause of criminality. Many people who offend at this age still offend throughout their lives and others start up again several years later in life. One simple explanation for this age factor might be down to the more stringent punishments that are delivered to persons who are over eighteen years and that this alone brings halt to many offenders. On the gender issue, it is generally regarded that males commit more crime than females, especially that involving violence. If a female does commit crime it could be seen as being doubly deviant as her behaviour is also against that of social norms. Ann Lloyd. It would therefore suggest that a female would need to have lower self control than a male. Control theories purport that females tend to be more carefully watched over in their childhood years and that this allows there self control to be developed and thus not want to indulge in deviant acts. The race debate seems to be less able to be defined by control theory and suggests only that the self control element is the only invariant. Other sociological theories try to address the race debate with more explanation. (Anomie and Strain Theory). Overall the control theories offer a good assessment of the majority crimes and those who commit them, young males. In asking, why do we not commit crime, the theory purports that we are all capable of criminality, but that most of us have internalised controls to prevent non conformity. The theory does not offer adequate explanation for individual propensities and for violent crimes. The theory does propose an explanation for the causation of criminality, self control, this being at an early age and due to ineffective parenting. This is similar to other theorists (David Farrington) and somewhere that public policies should direct their attentions. If a young person can be guaranteed a stable and caring environment then there may be a diminution of criminals and a proliferation of socially accepted adults.

The Perspectives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Women in Canada on Personal Development Resources

The Perspectives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Women in Canada on Personal Development Resources Introduction In the Canadian population, the composition of the aboriginal people takes 4%. There has been a 90% increase in the incarceration rate of aboriginal offenders with a fast rate within a frame of 10 years.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Perspectives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Women in Canada on Personal Development Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the Needs Assessment of Federal Aboriginal Women Offenders – an examination of the program needs of incarcerated Aboriginal women and in their post release revealed a 69% rate of high of programming needs with a moderate 29% and a low of 2%. Security of classification of aboriginal women determines the access level for programming with aboriginal inmates having an over classification level requiring 45% for maximum security, 44% for minimum security and 18% for minimum security. The average cost of keeping inmates in Canada has ha d an increase of $88,000 in 2005-06 to over $113,000 in 2009-10 annually. The daily cost of maintaining a male inmate is around $300 with the daily maintenance cost for female inmates rising up to about $578 (Kilty, 2006). This presents the need for correctional facilities, (federal or provincial), to incorporate personal development and programming resources in the facilities to create a reduction on the level of incarceration especially for women. There needs to be incorporation of strategies of life skill management such as financial management, work programs and employment. Effective discharge of such programs can be effective within educational and vocational programs as well as in the management of aboriginal culture and spirituality (Davis, 2001). Aims of the study The aim of this study is to investigate through the development of release planning programs focusing on the possibility of the possibilities of individual tailoring, which fits in personal needs and concerns for t he integration of incarcerated aboriginal women into their communities.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It will also evaluate the connection of incarcerated aboriginal women to resources, which can help in the healing process and personal growth after release. Through the study, the focus will be on the experiences of the women in the programs and the recommendations they have for needed improvements of the facilities. Significance of the Study The relevance of this research is in its implication of the understanding of the statuses and afflictions faced by incarcerated women. The issue of incarceration of women concerning age, gender, economic level, crime, offences, length of sentence, re-offending, security classifications and identification is important for the determination of the consequences and mediatory approaches for their case. In consideration of issues such as Poverty, Unemployment, Lack of Education, Addictions, Family Violence and Mental Health (Trauma, impacts of Residential Schools), it is worth creating an understanding of these issues in regard to their influence on personal lives of people (Karlene, 2011). There are personal relationships with some sort of influences responsible for their behavior, which may lead to their incarceration. This topic is relevant to law makers and women as it will help in the development of policies and educational strategies for the support of the affected women. It will also help in the development of an understanding of the human rights of women as well as help the women in realization and recognition of their rights. Such knowledge is transferable to other members of the society in an educational manner for the protection of other women and avoidance of the possibilities of avoidance of instances of indulgence in activities, which can lead to their incarceration (Van and Schwartz, 2011).Adv ertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Perspectives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Women in Canada on Personal Development Resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study is also significant in the influencing of the activities of social workers, as it would help them in identifying the existing gaps within existing programs. The issue of incarceration of women is applicable in the consideration of feminist theory, empowerment theory and the anti-oppressive theoretical framework (Dohrn, 2004). Social workers can be advocators of the protection of the rights of vulnerable people in the society such as women as a process for development of equality and justice (Goode, 2008). With cases of incarceration of aboriginal women rising to 20% of the total population in incarceration facilities, and accounting for 32.6% of female offender population meaning that in every three women under federal incarceration one is of an ab original descent, it is just fair to investigate into the reasons for such scenarios. This study can help social workers to develop means of utilizing available resources to help women in regaining confidence and avoidance of instances, which can lead to their incarceration. The history of incarceration of aboriginal women has its influences and origins from the colonial periods in Canada. At the same time, this study is will be helpful in the development of preventive strategies for protection of aboriginal women for the protection and creation of awareness to alternatives for the management of their conditions and avoidance of incarceration (May, Brown, 2011). Literature Review Introduction The literature review section will evaluated journals and other accredited sources of information in an effort to review, analyze, critique and enumerate works of other scholars on the programs designed to assist aboriginal women who have been released from prison to transit from prison life t o the outside world.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, the study will explore the OCAP principles and the facilitation of personal growth of post release. The study will as well examine the existing literature on the statistics presented by the Correctional Service Canada (CSC), articles on Federal Sentenced Women and Security Classifications as well as take an In-depth report by Federal Government (Public Safety Canada). The article on the Federal Government’s current ‘tough on crime’ agenda also contains ample information relevant to this study (Muirhead Rhodes, 1998). Problem Aboriginal Women Face after Exit from Prisons Various studies carried out in Australia as well as globally have demonstrated that after being released from prisons, women usually experience a considerably higher rate of depression, social isolation, mental illness, poor housing as well as homeless as opposed to men who have been released from prison (Baldry Maplestone, 2005). Some researches have also revealed that majority of wome n who have been released from prison and who experience difficulty in establishing constructive social link have a higher chance of suffering from mentally illness. Moreover, studies indicate that majority of ex-prisoners who losses their live due to drug overdose are homeless in most cases (Shewan et al., 2001). These problems are attributed to lack appropriate release programs for prisoners as well as lack of commitment by government to initiate such programs. Baldry et al.(2006) contends that the key reason why indigenous women who have released from prison fail to transit successful into the outside world is attributed to the fact that family support, mental health as well housing programs for this ex-prisoners. Besides, majority of women who comes out of prisons have families and children to take care of and there is absence of suitable programs to assist them address this concern. Baldry et al. (2003) opine that majority of women prisoners who have children have high probabili ty of suffering from financial, physical as well as emotional breakdown in incarceration period. Correspondingly, the same women experience difficulty establishing a reasonable home immediately after being released from prison. Studies have also indicated that women ex-prisoners who are homeless and live in parks and streets are often harassed and interfered by police and are sometime re-arrested due to being public nuisance. This situation is worsened by the fact that there is lack of appropriate pre and post programs for those indigenous women released from hospital. Release Programs As stipulated by Baldry and McCausland (2009), the post-release program for aboriginal inmate women entails assisting the released women to access health care facilities/services, to obtain employment and appropriate accommodation as well as assisting them to connect with their respective communities. Post-release programs are critical because of the disruptions caused by incarceration. When women are released from prisons, they are compelled to deal with unconstructive experience associated with imprisonment. One program that have been cited in literature and which have been designed to assist indigenous women who have just been released from prison is â€Å"Throughcare†. Walsh (2004) asserts that this program play an integral role in assisting aboriginal women to transit from prison to the outside world. It tailored to provide progressive education, support as well as treatment for indigenous women right away from the time they enter prison up to the time they exit prison and even afterwards. This program has been introduced in various countries including Canada and Australia. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the approach of this program coupled with long-term support for indigenous women after being released from hospital will be of critical importance in assisting these women transit successfully into the outside world. However, despite the fact that they are numerous benefits associated wit this program, it is critical to note that its tenets emanated from a criminal justice system that is rooted in a colonized framework. OCAP Principles The principles of OCAP (Ownership, Control, Access and Possession) are described by First Nations Centre (2007) as one of the elements of 1st nations aspirations that are geared towards self-governance as well as self-determination. The OCAP principles highlight a detailed framework created by 1st nations incorporate self-determination into IM (Information management) as well as into the research domain. These principles are employed in all information/data or research initiatives that involves 1st nation and includes the entire elements of research (review and funding included), cultural knowledge, statistics in addition to monitoring. By emphasizing the adoption of OCAP principles, 1st nation are taking control of all research regarding their respective communities. Ownership as one of the fundame ntal principles of OCAP entails the link between the community of 1at nation and its information, data as well as cultural knowledge. This principle attests that that community owns the information belonging to a particular community collectively. With respect to control principle, the rights and aspirations of first nation to take control and sustain the entire facets of their institution and lives encompassing data, information as well as research. Research Methodology Introduction The research methodology section outlines the steps that will be taken to conduct the research study. It is a critical section as it aids the researcher to focus on the research process of data collection, data analysis in order to achieve the research aims of the study. The research methodology in this research study will cover the sample size and description, data collection techniques as well as data analysis plan. Sample size and description The target population of the study will be women identifie d as aboriginal within federal correction facilities. The process will take a comparison of two correctional facilities located in different provinces to determine the differences and similarities within them. The specific respondents would be those close to the end of their sentencing while there will also be an interest on re-offenders as part of the population sample. Data Collection Methods For a better understanding of the experiences of the participants, there will be face-to-face interviews with them. This would allow for recording of their experiences and even making a recording of their recounts. It will be reasonable to make consideration to the literacy level of the participants with high possibilities of most of them being without education (Muirhead Rhodes, 1998). That makes face to face interviewing the best alternative because it would involve a communication process for creation of a comfortable environment to tell personal stories and experiences. The choice of a q ualitative and the narrative approach for the use of semi-structured interviews allows for the inclusion of a number of demographic questions regarding age, self identification as aboriginals and the relative personal classification whether First Nation Metis or Inuit. Other questions for interviewing the participants will inquire on the length of sentencing, their security classification (max, med, or min) and incase they were re-offenders (Landrine Russo, 2010) I will also look at the resources they participated in by giving them a chance to make explanations on the issues and impacts; they faced during their stay in the facilities. I will also give them the opportunity for telling their stories to understand the circumstances under, which they committed their crimes and the aspects behind the motivation to committing such crimes (Muscat, Wells, Owen, Torres Pollock, 2011). In the interviews, I will also seek to know their individual experiences with the programming to help in u nderstanding the things they considered as beneficial and the aspects they felt where of no essence to them. The questions will look for the possibilities of their thinking that the programs focused on the issues affiliated to their gender in the bid of meeting their feminine needs such as training on parenting skills (Eddy, Martinez, Schiffmann, Newton, Olin, Leve Shortt, 2008). Data Analysis Plan To create a clear understanding on the situations experienced by the participants, there will be classification of collected data for management, analysis and interpretation in accordance applicable specifications to individual participants. These will be in terms of Poverty, Unemployment, Lack of Education, Addictions, Family Violence, Mental Health (Trauma, impacts of Residential Schools). In categorization of information, their analysis and presentation, there will be a focus on the programs and personal development programs participants accessed during their stay. There will be analy sis of the recordings collected during the interviews of the participants. I will transcribe the recordings from the participants and later have the results presented in writing. References Baldry, E., Maplestone, P. (2003). Aboriginal Prison Releases in New South Wales: Preliminary Comments Based on ex-Prisoner Research. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 5(22), 7-8. Baldry, E., Maplestone, P. (2005). Women ex-prisoners post-release’ in Bridge Foundation: Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind: Prose and poetry about the prison. Charnwood: Ginninderra Press Baldry, E., McCausland, R. (2009). Mother Seeking Safe Home: Aboriginal Women Post-Release. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 12(2), 288-301. Baldry, E., McDonnell, D., Maplestone, P., Peeters, M. (2006). Ex-prisoners, ccommodation and the state: post-release in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 39(1), 20-34. Davis, H. C. (2001). Educating the Incarcerated Female: A Holistic Approach. Journal of Correctional Ed ucation, 52(2), 79-83. Dohrn, B. (2004). All Ellas: Girls Locked Up. Feminist Studies, 30(2), 302-324. Eddy, J., Martinez, C., Schiffmann, T., Newton, R., Olin, L., Leve, L., Shortt, J. (2008). Development of a multisystemic parent management training intervention for incarcerated parents, their children and families. Clinical Psychologist, 12(3), 86-98. First Nations Centre. (2007). OCAP: Ownership, Control, Access and Possession. Sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee, Assembly of First Nations. Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization. Goode, E. (2008). Out of control: Assessing the general theory of crime. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Social Sciences. Granger-Brown, A., Buxton, J. A., Condello, L., Feder, D., Hislop, T., Martin, R., Thompson, J. (2012). Collaborative community-prison programs for incarcerated women in BC. British Columbia Medical Journal, 54(10), 509-513. Karlene, F. (2011). Unruly women: The politics of confinement and resistance . New York: Seven Stories Press. Kilty, J. M. (2006). Under The Barred Umbrella: Is There Room For A Women-Centered Self-Injury Policy In Canadian Corrections? Criminology Public Policy, 5(1), 161- 82. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00107.x Landrine, H., Russo, N. F. (2010). Handbook of diversity in feminist psychology. New York: Springer. May, D. C., Brown, T. (2011). Examining the Effect of Correctional Programming on Perceptions of Likelihood of Recidivism among Incarcerated Prisoners. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(4), 353-364. doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.58202. Muirhead, J. E., Rhodes, R. (1998). Literacy Level of Canadian Federal Offenders. Journal of Correctional Education, 49(2), 59-60. Muscat, B. T., Wells, J. B., Owen, B., Torres, S., Pollock, J. (2011). Abuse on the Inside: Exploring Incarcerated Womens Experience With Intimate Partner Violence. International Perspectives in Victimology, 5(2), 63-71. doi:10.5364/ipiv.5.2.63 Van de Sande, A. and Schwartz, K. (2011 ). Research for social justice: A community based approach. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. Walsh, T. ( 2004). INCorrections: Investigating prison release practice and policy in Queensland and its impact on community safety. INCorrections Network Coalition Queensland. Retrieved from: www.incorrections.org.au/Incorrections%20Report.htm Young, D. S., Mattucci, R. F. (2006). Enhancing the Vocational Skills of Incarcerated Women through a Plumbing Maintenance Program. Journal of Correctional Education, 57(2), 126-140.

Withdrawal Behaviors Example

Withdrawal Behaviors Example Withdrawal Behaviors – Coursework Example Withdrawal Behaviors Withdrawal Behaviors Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Johnson worked for McDonalds for two years until there was a change in the software that he used to work with. He was not well equipped to use the new software and required training. The manager failed to identify the gap between the skills of Johnson and the required skills to use the software. As a result of this Johnson was not able to adapt to the software and started turning in late at work. Involuntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Sarah and her family used to own a single car. When she started working at McDonalds her husband was unemployed. She used to use the car to drop her children at school and then reach her workplace. 1 year later her husband obtained a job and as a result of this the single car was used to first drop her husband at his workplace, then drop the children at their school and then Sarah could reach her workplace and started reaching late at work. Difference The main differences b etween the above two examples is that the voluntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors within the organization and the involuntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors outside the organization (Gaertner, 1999). Job Attitudes And Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior The relationship between job attitude and voluntary withdrawal behavior is that job attitudes have a cause and effect relationship with withdrawal behavior. This means that an individual’s feeling towards his/her job impact an individual’s intention to be absent or present at the organization in which an individual works (Holtom, 2008). For example in the case of Johnson and McDonald’s, Johnson experienced a decline in his commitment towards his organization since his manager failed to realize that Johnson required training. As a result of this Johnson started remaining absent or he used to reach late at work. ReferencesGaertner, S. (1999). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and or ganizational commitment in turnover models. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 479493.Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 231274.

Diary Entries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diary Entries - Essay Example I continue thinking about my psychiatrist, which is even after he denies the fact that I need one. I contend that the psychiatrist wants to find out the reason why I hike in the forests, while collecting butterflies and watching birds and I intend to show my collection to him one (Bradbury, 23). Most of what I do is considered as strange by other people even when, for my time, it seems normal. That I need a psychiatrist is crazy, particularly since I do the same things that other people do. I ask Montag concerning his firefighting job, stating that he is very different from other firefighters I know because he is attentive to what I tell him, and actually, tries them out. I go on to tell him that he is one of the few persons who stand (Bradbury, 23). It seems that most of the people that I am in contact with are always fast paced, and Montag is no different. I think that Montag does not have time to notice the dew that had settled on the grass in the morning. For instance, it is up t o me to tell him that there is dew on the grass that morning and every morning. Suddenly, I notice that he does not seem to remember whether he had ever noticed the dew and this makes him very irritable. I have always noticed most small things that others cannot, which makes me very observant. After I pester Montag with various questions, he surprises me by telling me that I had better run on to the (Bradbury, 24). I obey him, and see him tilt his head back into the rain, open his mouth for a few minutes, and catch the falling drops of rain just as I had been doing when they met. I also notice that Montag seems curious regarding the things that I am doing because he is always attempting to do the things that I ask him to do. Diary entry #2: Montag I meet Clarisse McClellan, who is my new and vivacious young neighbor and I just seem to begin questioning whether I am happy. She gives me enlightenment, as she asks me questions on my own individual happiness, as well as his occupation a nd the fact that I do not seem to know much concerning history (Bloom 16). Clarisse, through the little things she does, also gives the opportunity for me to see dramatic changes within the government regarding the perception of citizens about their history. For instance, I had no idea that the real work of firefighters entailed fighting to put off real fire, or even that billboards only stand at twenty feet in height. In addition, I also had no idea that people had the ability to actually speak to each other. This is because the use of parlor walls by the government had removed any requirement for causal conversation (Bloom 16). Clarisse arouses the curiosity in me as she begins to aid me in the discovery of the fact that I have been missing real happiness in my life for a long time. After I meet the young girl Clarisse, I go back to the house and find that my wife is lying on the bed, unconscious. She has her Seashell radios close to her head and I find that she has overdosed on s leeping pills, as well as tranquilizers (Bloom 18). Her life is saved after two technicians, who I find very impersonal; bring machines that aid then in removing the drugs from her belly, while also giving her a complete transfusion. However, I believe that it is possible she will overdose again with no knowledge of what she was doing. While it is my wish to discuss the overdose,

Ageism and Racism Faced By Older People in Health and Social Care Essay

Ageism and Racism Faced By Older People in Health and Social Care Sector in UK - Essay Example This discussion stresses that age implies various social and moral obligations that resulted from accumulated loads of cultural and ideological inputs. Many expectations on an individual are determined by age as well as those which they are denied of. This perception has huge implications on how heath care is delivered to the older portion of the population. Age play a significant factor on what kind of health care is given and denied to a patient.This paper outlines that  while ageing opens doors to some social experiences that may not be available to younger individuals, it also closes doors on others. There are also new expectations towards the individual as his age identities change through time. We are familiar with the stereotypes of age identities from where we distinguish individuals.   Age-based identities have been explored and recognized by various social sciences but there is still a dearth of knowledge on how age contributes to social identity. There is still more to know about the variety of identities based on age and on how these identities are used in the wide social and cultural norms of ageing. There is a need to theorize the processes complicated social processes and experiences involved in the transition from one age identity to the other. This knowledge is important to research but is also important to understanding how health care is provided, or should be provided, to older people.

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques Essay

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques - Essay Example This author brings out her illustrations through a destruction, which took place at the Murrah Federal Building. It is after this devastating event that several developments taka place in the architectural field in the city. Krinke employs significant use of symbols for the purpose of communicating some of her ideas. For instance, she elaborates the elements that are associated with a sacred space. There is a lot of symbolism, which is applied for the purpose of bringing to light what the elements represent. The stone is the first element that is used. The stone elements in the city are tailored to serve as permanent markers for a given phenomenon. This is majorly due to the durability, which is associated with them. For example, on the concrete floor of the Murrah Building there are names of those individuals who survived the ordeal. Near the epicenter of the pool, there has been a development of a reflective pool. The changes that take place in the atmosphere are noted or brought out by the water. This also represents the changes, which took place at the city after the blast. The trees represent the ability of an entity to remain unscathed in the course of its existence. The tree, which stands out in the city, is the Survivor Tree. This tree is a representation of the survival and endurance, which has characterized the city together with its inhabitants through the years since the explosion. Krinkle significantly applies the approach, which entails imagery and symbolism. This elaborates the significant developments, which have been taking place. The imagery and symbols also point out that the explosion seems to have had a significant effect on the residents of the town. The approach, which is taken by Melcher in her article, is one, which is rather critical of the happenings in the city. For example, she points out that the names, which are embossed on the wall, may not be significant to a person

Satyam Computer Service Accounting Scam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Satyam Computer Service Accounting Scam - Essay Example After resignation of Srinivas Vadlamani as chief financial officer Ram Mynampati was appointed as the interim CEO of the Satyam computer services and this turned to be the worst scam in the company history. After an audit that was done the report stated that the company cash was not encouraging since the company was in a state of collapsing. After the scam, the aim of Satyam computer services is to ensure that the business continues. After the fraud was noticed, the government of India disbanded Satyam board and the government was not providing funds to the company. A team of auditors from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was appointed to investigate the fraud which is well known to regulate all Indian public companies (Winkler 2010). Satyam computer services is one of the companies that are under Bombay Stock Exchange and still under the New York Stock Exchange, meaning that the company is under the United States international regulators of capital market. The company will face legal process since United States believes that the company has broken the rules of stock exchange. Two of United States law firms are filling lawsuits against the company since the fraud has been in the history as the worst ever scam in India under the New York Stock Exchange and the aim is to recover some of the funds. The scam will have negative effects on the company and the Indian people in coming years since the company was the largest IT service provider and outsourcing giant in India Information Technology. This means Satyam computer service will either be sold but the auditors must recover the funds first if the company will go to that position of being sold. The competitors again will benefit from the company being sold. Its riv als like HCL, Wipro and TCS will pick the best employees and clients thus completely outdoing Satyam

Minamata Bay in Kumamoto Japan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Minamata Bay in Kumamoto Japan - Research Paper Example The pollution was suspected to have been caused because Hyakken Habour released the poisonous mercury from the Chisso Corporation. This not withstanding, Minamata Bay has its own unique geographical and natural make-up, that makes the bay distinguished. Minamata Bay is part of the bigger Shiranui Sea but it is locked up in the middle of the Kyushu coast and the Island of Kumamoto and Nagasaki prefectures. From afar, the bay presents beautiful scenery of nature’s popular sea color, which is sea blue. The bay is generally calm with no heavy tides that randomly break its banks. The bay is shallow, yet possesses every thing that a regular sea area should possess. To the north of the bay is the Ariake Sea and to its south is the East China Sea. This means that Minamata Bays share a lot of common features with the East China Sea and the Ariake Sea. †¢ Climate Precipitation and temperature in the Minamata Bay varies significantly during different times of the year. However compa ratively, because of the presence of the sea, precipitation in Minamata Bay is generally low when compared with other parts of the country such as Tokyo. The graph below gives a pictorial difference in temperature and precipitation of Minamata in General as compared with Tokyo. Source: Travel Friend (2011) Precipitation is generated from the clouds. According to the Frondriest Environmental Inc (2011), precipitation is any form of water that falls to the earth’s surface. This includes snow, rain, sleet, freezing rain and hail†. From the graph we see that because of the presence of the Bay and sea in general, Minamata has a very high precipitation as compared to Tokyo. The highest precipitations of the year are recorded in June and July when precipitation can go as high as rising beyond 15mm. January, February and December however records very low precipitations because at those times of the year, there is relatively low levels of water in the air. As far as temperature is concerned, Minamata records temperature levels that are not very much different from that of Tokyo. Temperatures also vary a lot in the course of the year. Whereas temperatures can go as low as below 5 °C in the months of January, February and December, it at times rises high above 30 °C in August and September. To this effect, it can be said that Minamata Bay has a temperate climate. The specific values of temperature and precipitation for the various months are given in the table below: Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average High Temperature ( °C) 10.5 11.3 14.8 19.9 23.8 26.6 30.1 31.1 28.1 23.5 18.3 13 Average Low Temperature ( °C) 2.7 3.1 6.3 10.4 14.6 19.3 23 23.3 20.2 14.3 9.5 4.5 Average Precipitation (mm) 74 78.2 158.5 147.5 190.3 409.8 417.5 228.6 198.8 95.8 80.4 52.6 Source: Travel Friend (2011) †¢ Human Presence, Activities and Alternations People live all around the Minamata Bay and are involved in active regular activities. Accord ing to the GeoNames geographical database, Minamata Bay, Japan has a population of 29,428 people. Majority of the working class of the people living in Minamata Bay are involved in factory work. This is because Minamata itself is tagged as a factory town. Most of the people in Minamata depends on the presence of factories to make a living. There are some who also take advantage of the presence

Satyam Computer Service Accounting Scam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Satyam Computer Service Accounting Scam - Essay Example After resignation of Srinivas Vadlamani as chief financial officer Ram Mynampati was appointed as the interim CEO of the Satyam computer services and this turned to be the worst scam in the company history. After an audit that was done the report stated that the company cash was not encouraging since the company was in a state of collapsing. After the scam, the aim of Satyam computer services is to ensure that the business continues. After the fraud was noticed, the government of India disbanded Satyam board and the government was not providing funds to the company. A team of auditors from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was appointed to investigate the fraud which is well known to regulate all Indian public companies (Winkler 2010). Satyam computer services is one of the companies that are under Bombay Stock Exchange and still under the New York Stock Exchange, meaning that the company is under the United States international regulators of capital market. The company will face legal process since United States believes that the company has broken the rules of stock exchange. Two of United States law firms are filling lawsuits against the company since the fraud has been in the history as the worst ever scam in India under the New York Stock Exchange and the aim is to recover some of the funds. The scam will have negative effects on the company and the Indian people in coming years since the company was the largest IT service provider and outsourcing giant in India Information Technology. This means Satyam computer service will either be sold but the auditors must recover the funds first if the company will go to that position of being sold. The competitors again will benefit from the company being sold. Its riv als like HCL, Wipro and TCS will pick the best employees and clients thus completely outdoing Satyam

The Role of the Schools of Jurisprudence in Preserving Islamic Law Essay

The Role of the Schools of Jurisprudence in Preserving Islamic Law - Essay Example This report stresses that the consensus of the Muslim community and the precedents and analogy applied by Muslim scholars significantly defines Sharia. The Islamic law follows the concept of ‘rule of law’ and is therefore published and known to all citizens and courts for purposes of implementation. Additionally, the legislation of a body of legal injunctions ensures the realization of the sharia objectives. Sharia has direct links with jurisprudence. Firstly, Islamic law not only governs all aspects of Muslim’s life but also influences criminal and civil justice. Indeed, the Sharia history relates to political and social developments that led to opportunities and challenges for the jurists. Moreover, different madhabs, or schools of thought, came to life after the emergence of Islamic law. This paper declares that the main purpose of the schools of jurisprudence was to rescue the Islamic law from absorption by the administrative legal system thus reestablishing the link between the law and religion. As such, the schools of Jurisprudence played a fundamental role in the preservation of Islamic Law. However, the practice of Muslim faith and the interpretation of the Islamic law has been growing and equally becoming challenging with time. Nevertheless, consistent studies and debates among legal scholars, religious, and political leaders maintain the life of Islam in the modern world. Notably, the schools of jurisprudence originated from different places with significant effects on decisions relating to Islamic law and Islamic faith. Specifically, the Islamic schools of jurisprudence include the Qur’an, personal interpretation, the Sunna of the Prophet, and the community’s consensus (Lewandowska, n.y). Ideally, the schools of Jurisprudence lay down the legal theory allowing a judge to establish the legality and morality of an act by a Muslim thus preserving Sharia. Indeed, the main aim of the Islamic schools of jurisprudence to define the normative Islamic conduct as established under the Islamic law and in relation to legal precedents and principles. This ensured that Sharia reigns. Moreover, the schools of jurisprudence initiated the ‘closing the gate of Islamic jurisprudence’, which denied future scholars to invent legal principles that guarantee equal freedom between the Qur’an and the Prophetic traditions and their predecessors (Lewandowska, n.y). This played a significant role in preserving the Sharia and the methodologies and traditions of ancient Islamic schools of jurisprudence. As a result, the schools of jurisprudence seemingly reinstated the Islamic law and social order to the foundations of Islamic religion. In fact, the Islamic schools of jurisprudence resisted the Western influences thus preserving the Muslim character and the character of Islam legal opinions. Furthermore, Prophet Mohammad was significant in encouraging Quran teachers in different parts of the Islamic territories to teach the Islam how to read and write the Quran. As a result, many people got to know about the

Ethics in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Ethics in the Workplace Essay The case study provided in Craig E. Johnson’s book, Ethics in the Workplace , is a moral and valuable lesson regarding the blurred vision between a for profit and a nonprofit. This example, while it may be considered severe, is an excellent one that leads the reader to more important questions. The question of whether nonprofits should operate as businesses encourages the reader to think about the pros and cons of each. If a nonprofit were to operate as a business, it would basically eliminate the unending concern about funding. Nonprofits, operating as a business, would be able to reap the benefits of for profit companies making more money for the organization but not necessarily the mission. However, this would ultimately lead to more expenses as the budget would have to include higher amounts in staff pay, marketing, and benefits. Another con of operating as a business is taxes. Nonprofits would no longer be exempt from paying taxes and once again, the cost would greatly increase the budget. Probably the most dangerous aspect of a nonprofit run as a business is the loss of the mission and vision. One may be concerned that the need for money and greed will usurp the original mission of the nonprofit. Should businesses operate more like nonprofits? This question is a difficult one to answer. Nonprofits exist for social justice, in many cases nonprofits pick up where the government has left off. While our economy is based on supply and demand, there is societal pressure to be charitable and giving. If businesses were to be as charitable as a nonprofit, they would undoubtedly lose money and perhaps close due to lack of funding, yet, their sense of social justice would be fulfilled. Since there will always be consumers, thus a demand for goods and services, businesses should not operate as nonprofits. As cited in the case study in the introduction by Johnson (Johnson, Ethics in the Workplace, 2007), the Goodwill Branch in Portland, Oregon does compete on the same level as businesses in the area. The Branch pays their top staff over $100,000 with the CEO’s salary at a whopping half a million. Yet, because they are registered as a nonprofit, they are exempt from paying taxes on goods and services, people utilizing the nonprofit get services for free, and they are able to pay their staff lower than competitive wages. If, as cited in the case study, a nonprofit competes on all levels with a for profit business, then the competition must be fair. Either the nonprofit has to begin to pay taxes or taxes for the business should be eliminated. It is important to note, however, that the elimination of taxes would devastate the economy. When it comes to salaries, businesses definitely have the upper hand. Because businesses operate to make money, they can afford to hire only the best in the fields. Nonprofits, relying more on government funding, are unable to afford those astounding costs. Furthermore, nonprofits operate under the definition of social services. For a nonprofit to lose sight of that and pay top dollars for staff, is a vision they can not afford to lose. Thus, executives of nonprofits should in no way be compensated or expect to be compensated at the same rate as their business counterparts. The services offered are meant to be taken advantage of by disadvantaged citizens and pay rates should reflect that mission. In the case study previously mentioned, Michael Miller, the CEO of the Goodwill Branch in Portland Oregon, is receiving a salary of $500,000 not including benefits and expenses. Moreover, some of the workers at that same branch are making below minimum wage. It is immoral for Mr. Miller to receive such a high salary, not only because his staff is making considerably less but more importantly because the salary is not in line with the overall charitable mission of Goodwill. It is unreasonable to believe that staff pay will remain the same as a nonprofit expands. However, certain standards must be in place to substantiate higher salaries. Standards may include: overall budget of the nonprofit and allocation of funds, effective service of the nonprofit based on data taken from all available programs, how the nonprofit compares to others in its region or state, and how well they are fulfilling their mission. The question as to whether this writer would charitably donate to the sight mentioned in the study can best be answered by weighing morals against greed. This writer believes that they would not donate to the sight unless there was documented proof that at least 90% of the donation was going to the people it was intended to help. Since this branch is more likely to document exaggerated salaries such as the CEO’s, it is unlikely a donation would be made to that particular branch.

Benefits of Management Studies

Benefits of Management Studies 1. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT? What is management? Management is defined as the process of overseeing and coordinating the activities of other people effectively and efficiently to accomplish the goals of the organization. According to Mary Parker Follett, management is described as the art of getting things done through people, which captures the human dimension of management. During processing management by administering and coordinating works, functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are carried out by using organizational resources. Management is important in existing the organization to achieve the purpose. 2. WHO ARE MANAGERS? What should we call to a person who have administrative and leadership skills? The answer is a manager. Manager is defined as a person who is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the work performance of the organizational members. Hence, managers are required to carry out planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in accomplishment of the goal of organization. According to their scope of responsibility or managerial levels, they are able to know roles, skills and time allocation. 3. WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION? How about organization? Organization is a managerial context which the management occurs. Yet, organization is defined as a group of organizational members who are responsible to accomplish the same goals. Moreover, organization is a systematic arrangement made up of individuals which is responsible for profit of organization. They should be directed by managers so that the target of the organization can be achieved. Organization would not exist if a specific purpose for the organization did not be targeted. 4. WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT? 4.1 To Study Leadership In learning business, leadership will be studied by students to manage employees in an organization in the future. Leadership is the most important skills for a manager. As managers can possess their strong leadership capabilities, they can lead their employees during the changing of environmental and organizational condition. Therefore, effectiveness and efficiency of activities can be achieved for organizational success. Furthermore, managers would examine the background of their employees and direct the suitable activities for them. Thus, the employee morale would be gained and boosted to achieve the common goal. 4.2 To Increase Teamwork By doing assignment of business studies in college, students will be divided into groups by lecturer due to working and helping among each members in the same group. As the students learnt the importance of teamwork, they can analyze the personalities of others at work in the future. This can reduce the conflict among managers and employees. In fact, teamwork is needed in teams which are segmented by departments nowadays in order to complete their organizational goals. Instead of achieving the higher goal, manager would duel with the others interests in teamwork peacefully. 4.3 To Improve Knowledge In order to run and maintain a business well, students should learn the basic principles of management in those text books. Thus, students will be educated in fact knew more about the managerial roles, skills, and functions when they are working in business or become the manager in the future. Moreover, a good management education is needed in interviewing for an upper-level position. Besides working, principles can be brought into life by giving real life examples to student. Hence, students may learn to manage everything effectively and efficiently in life for the promotion of effective practices in the future. 4.4 To Accelerate Productivity In learning management, students will know how to plan, organize, lead, and control in fact learn to get a productive results on the proper time. Soon, they could know to divide employees into many teams with different roles so that the business would run effectively and efficiently. This is because managers may become productive when they are coordinated in teamwork by discussing those issues and correcting or improving them. Therefore, when the department carries out a new concept, managers can direct strategies with increased productivity and improve their business. 4.5 To Plan Future Of Organization In studying business, students could learn to know rewards and challenges in business. This is important for them to be performed in a dynamic work place where can provide profits and losses for a manager. They would learn to duel with a variety of personalities and to face the uncertainties in the future. Although challenges made managers difficult to motivate works, they could overcome them by gaining or improving rewards. By using their creativity with the help of their knowledge, skills and experiences, they would plan to be rewarded by nurturing the employees work performance in order to achieve the organizational target. 5. CONCLUSION 5.1 Review Clearly, studying management gives advantages to students who will become a manager one day. Students will be educated in studying leadership, increasing teamwork, improving knowledge, accelerating productivity, and planning future for organization. By learning these skills through management, a manager can complete his performance effectively and efficiently to accomplish his organizational goal. Management is being important nowadays because it had been universalized, which means management is needed in organizations, organizational levels, organizational work areas, and size of organization in every countries. 5.2 Reflection Learning in business can improve our management education which can lead us to become an effective manager. So, I hope that students would take course in learning business studies due to the universality of management. Therefore, everyone could work together to increase the improvement and balance the sector of economics. In fact, I hope that everyone would use their creativity widely to complete their works effectively and efficiently in order to accomplish their organizational goals. Hence, this can produce a productive manager in fact improve his countrys image.